Overview
Bladder cancer arises when a mutation occurs in the bladder cells. These cells begin to proliferate and develop abnormally. The bladder is a dense, balloon-like structure found in the lower abdominal region. It helps store urine. The bladder and kidneys function collectively to excrete toxins and waste from the body through urine.
Urothelial carcinoma is a form of cancer that initiates in the urothelial cells, also referred to as transitional cells, because they alter their shape. These cells begin to stretch when the bladder is filled with urine and relax once the urine is completely emptied.
Other rare forms of bladder cancer include:
- Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that begins in the squamous cells. It can form due to prolonged irritation or parasitic infection (schistosomiasis).
- Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that initiates in the glandular cells located within the lining of the bladder.
- Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a form of cancer that begins within the neuroendocrine cells.
Aetiology
Certain factors contribute to the likelihood of bladder cancer, one of which is smoking.
Diagnosis
A cystoscopy is a detailed examination of the inside of the bladder. A narrow, lighted scope (cystoscope) is guided through the urethra. Before its insertion, a local anaesthetic is administered within the bladder so you don’t experience any painful sensations while the procedure is being carried out.
Treatment
Advancements in medical science have led to a variety of treatment options for bladder cancer. The choice of treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer. For instance, for high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, surgery to remove the bladder (cystectomy) is a viable option, offering hope for a better quality of life.
For non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, a procedure to remove the cancerous cells only while preserving the bladder is still possible. Transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TURBT) is a procedure performed in conjunction with chemotherapy to prevent cancer recurrence.
FAQ
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
What are considered concerning urological symptoms?
- A weak urinary stream
- Signs of bladder stones
- Difficulty urinating
- Pain